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The Benefits of Biodiesel
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BY Andrew Korfhage Biodiesel reduces greenhouse gas emissions better than gasoline, ethanol, and conventional diesel, and can help shift your energy use to renewables. Tim Zang of Kansas City, Missouri, bought a diesel Jeep Liberty last January. When he drove off the lot, instead of heading to a fuel pump, he headed straight home, where a 55-gallon drum of Missouri-grown, 100-percent soy-based biodiesel sat waiting for him in his garage. “Every gallon of soy we use replaces a gallon of fossil fuel,” says Zang. “The money I spend on soy stays right here in Missouri, biodiesel is better for my engine and better for the environment, and if we as a society wake up to the benefits of biofuels, they can put a lot of people to work here in the US.” After using fuel from the drum in his garage for several months (sometimes mixing it with conventional diesel, which is necessary to keep biodiesel at temperatures below freezing), the Kansas City fuel market caught up to Zang, and in April the first public biodiesel fueling station opened a few miles from his home. Zang switched back to fueling up at a pump, and other Kansas City residents, pinched by ever increasing petroleum costs, started giving biodiesel a chance as well.  “Biodiesel was an easy choice for us,” says James Brooks, vice president of the Kansas-City-based United Beverage Company, which switched its entire fleet to biodiesel in April. “We’re an urban wholesaler with lots of trucks on the streets of downtown. Using biodiesel is something we can do for ourselves and for the city.” Furthermore, adds Zang, the last time he filled up from the public biodiesel pump, his cost was ten cents per gallon cheaper than if he had filled up with conventional diesel. Why Biodiesel? Studies show that biodiesel outperforms gasoline, ethanol, and conventional diesel in reducing climate-altering carbon dioxide emissions and in overall fuel-efficiency. (chart page 23) Using 100-percent biodiesel (B100) eliminates all of the sulfur emissions associated with conventional diesel, cuts emissions of carbon monoxide and smog-producing particulate matter almost in half, and reduces hydrocarbon emissions by between 75 and 90 percent. Perhaps most significantly, using B100 reduces the emissions of carbon dioxide—the main greenhouse gas causing global warming—by more than 75 percent. Even using a blended biodiesel fuel like B20 (a 20-percent biodiesel/80-percent petrodiesel blend offered at most biodiesel fueling stations) still reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 15 percent, according to the Department of Energy. Besides lowering emissions at the point of use, biodiesel fuel—made from corn, soy, or other plant matter—had a past life absorbing carbon dioxide while it was growing as a crop in the field. With its past carbon dioxide absorptions balancing its later carbon dioxide emissions, biodiesel results in an overall life-cycle lowering of carbon dioxide emissions over both conventional diesel and gasoline. The industrial processes used to produce biodiesel are cleaner than conventional diesel processes, reducing emissions associated with the life cycle of the fuel by more than 80 percent. As a cleaner burning fuel, biodiesel is better for a car’s engine than conventional diesel, providing greater lubrication and leaving fewer particulate deposits behind. Biodiesel’s high ignition point (350°F vs. –43°F for gasoline) makes it a safer fuel as well. Biodiesel is biodegradable and considered nontoxic by the Environmental Protection Agency. All diesel vehicles have 20- to 30-percent higher fuel economies than comparable gasoline vehicles. Biodiesel also frees car-drivers from reliance on dwindling fossil fuel resources and the world politics associated with obtaining those resources. It also keeps fuel dollars in the US. Biodiesel is more accessible than ever, with the number of public fueling stations in the United States rising from zero in 1997 to 750 today. To find a biodiesel fueling station or local biodiesel supplier near you, visit the National Biodiesel Board’s Web site. Recycled Waste Oil as Fuel Taking an even bigger step toward sustainability, some drivers bypass fueling at the pump or order a drum from a supplier and make their own biodiesel from the waste oil produced by local restaurants, converting what would have been garbage into a usable product. Any organic oil you can find can be converted into fuel for a diesel vehicle through the use of a chemical catalyst and an alcohol—most commonly lye and methanol, which must be handled with care. The process of making your own fuel is not difficult, but is somewhat labor intensive and takes about a week from start to finish. You can find several biodiesel recipes online at www.biodieselcommunity.org, or by joining the forums at www.biodiesel.org. (Find supplies online from Co-op America Business Network member GAIAM Real Goods, www.realgoods.com.) Other drivers choose to modify their diesel cars to accept straight vegetable oil (SVO), rather than modify the oil into a fuel. The quality and condition of the waste oil used as straight fuel matters more than the condition of waste oil converted into diesel fuel. Therefore, even if you modify your car, you still might need to spend time filtering and purifying your waste oil before you can pour it into your car’s tank. You can find more information about SVO and purchase conversion kits for your diesel car from Web sites like these: Frybrid Diesel/Vegetable Oil, www.frybrid.com; Golden Fuel Systems, www.greasel.com; Greasecar Vegetable Fuel Systems, www.greasecar.com; and Neoteric Biofuels, Inc., www.plantdrive.com. Biodiesel and the Future In the long term, renewable energy experts differ on the upper limit of biodiesel’s possibilities as an industry, should biodiesel become wildly successful, adopted as America’s primary choice for fuel. With the country already consuming more than 40 billion gallons of diesel fuel every year, a massive shift to biodiesel would make impossible demands on our available agricultural land. Cornell ecology professor David Pimintel explained in a 2005 study how he had studied large-scale bio-fuel production based on corn, switchgrass, wood biomass, soy, and sunflowers, and found each to be unsustainable. Others argue that even if such land-use was a possibility, the resulting agricultural shift toward fuel farming would trigger unintended consequences, such as spikes in the price of food crops. For example, in Europe, demand for biodiesel has triggered increasing imports of Indonesian palm oil, which in turn has accelerated massive deforestation in Indonesia, as farmers clear forests for palm plantations. Meanwhile, University of New Hampshire physicist Michael Briggs explained in a 2004 paper how aquatic farms could be used to grow resources for biodiesel production, taking pressure off land intensive crops like corn and soy. With high oil content, fast growth rates, and less land-use, some aquatic crops like algae make practical sense as future sources for biodiesel fuel, as demand grows. A 1998 report prepared for President Clinton by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory reached a similar conclusion, but with the caveat that biodiesel production from aquatic resources would “only be competitive if petroleum diesel cost more than $2 a gallon.” What to Do for Now For now, such questions about the industry’s future underscore the dramatic imperative for Americans to consume less fuel. We already know that a fossil-fuel-based transportation system is unsustainable, but consuming bio-fuels at our current gasoline levels would likely make unsustainable demands on our agricultural capabilities as well. To stay away from dirty fuels and preserve the maximum capabilities of bio-fuels, try switching to pedestrian power, pedal power, and public transportation when at all possible. Then, see if biodiesel might work for you. If you already drive a diesel vehicle, a switch to biodiesel—especially biodiesel recycled from waste oil—is without question the less destructive choice, based on biodiesel’s decreased pollution levels, status as a renewable fuel, and carbon-absorption as a crop in the field. If you are thinking about your next car purchase, and you have access to B100 biodiesel or can make your own, purchasing one of the top five fuel-efficient diesels will significantly lower your carbon dioxide emissions and throw your support behind renewable fuels. Even if you must use a lower blend like B20 on occasion, a biodiesel car will likely trump the life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions of a comparable hybrid, though the more you use B20, the more that distinction between the cars will diminish. (See the chart at right for a pounds-per-mile life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions (continues on page 23) (continued from page 10) comparison of the comparably sized diesel Jetta and hybrid Prius. The chart assumes average fuel efficiency of 55 mpg for the Prius and 38 mpg for the Jetta, and is calculated using data from the Department of Energy and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.) If you do not have easy access to biodiesel, which is still more accessible at the pumps for Midwestern drivers, a hybrid car remains the best choice. Finally, if the most efficient diesel or hybrid car doesn’t meet your transportation needs due to size or hauling capabilities, running a diesel vehicle on the highest blend of biodiesel you can will still minimize your carbon dioxide emissions. Stay Tuned Transportation technologies in the United States are changing rapidly. If you’re not looking to purchase a new car right now, stay tuned. In five years, the choices available to the American driver are likely to be different. Biodiesel pumps will likely be more widely available, ethanol may become a cleaner and more efficient fuel as innovators bring down the cost of producing ethanol from waste, and automobile companies will hopefully complete the development of hybrid diesels, which would combine the benefits of both our current best choices. Also in development are hybrid cars that can be recharged through plug-in power, which, when powered by solar or wind, will become the most sustainable option of all. In the short term, however, biodiesel remains cleaner and more efficient than gasoline, ethanol, or conventional diesel, while ethanol is cleaner and more efficient than gasoline, but on a smaller scale. Until other options become available, and in cases where biodiesel is not a feasible option, then the best bet for the health of the planet is to reduce the amount of fuel you must use— by driving a hybrid, and by cultivating a lifestyle that depends on cars as little as possible. How Do the Fuels Compare? In terms of efficient energy production and overall carbon dioxide emissions, biodiesel trumps not only conventional diesel, but also gasoline and gasoline’s bio-fuel substitute, ethanol. For example, according to a study by the Minnesota Department of Agriculture, biodiesel produces 3.2 units of energy for every unit of fossil-fuel-energy consumed in its production. Ethanol yields a lower 1.34 units of energy, while gasoline and conventional diesel represent a negative yield. (The influx of solar energy into the organic resources—corn, soy, etc.—that will eventually become ethanol or biodiesel accounts for their positive energy yield.) Reprinted from Real Money. Published by Co-op America • 1612 K Street NW, Suite 600. Washington, DC 20006 • www.coopamerica.org HOW DO THE FUELS COMPARE FUEL ENERGY YIELD NET ENERGY (LOSS) OR GAIN Biodiesel** 3.20 220 percent Ethanol 1.34 34 percent Petrodiesel .843 (15.7 percent) Gasoline .805 (19.5 percent) * expressed in Btus per Btu of fossil fuel energy consumed over its life-cycle ** A WorldWatch study, released in June, found an even greater energy yield for biodiesel produced from waste vegetable oil only, averaging between 5 and 6 Btus per Btu of fossil fuel. Another study, by the US Department of Energy, reveals a similar hierarchy of fuels, as ranked by their life-cycle carbon dioxide emissions: FUEL CO2 EMISSIONS (LBS./GALLON) Biodiesel 5.84 Ethanol 14.60 Gasoline 24.30 Petrodiesel 26.55 Which Biodiesel Vehicles are Most Fuel Efficient? According to the Department of Energy, the following are the top five most fuel-efficient diesel vehicles of 2006: CAR CITY mpg HWY mpg Volkswagen Golf Coupe/Hatchback 37 44 Volkswagen New Beetle 37 44 Volkswagen Jetta 35 42 Mercedes Benz E-Class Sedan/Wagon 27 37 Chrysler Jeep Liberty SUV 22 26 For the fuel economy of other diesel vehicles (including the many makes and models of older diesel vehicles that can be purchased used), visit www.fueleconomy.gov. Note that new diesel passenger vehicles are banned in California, New York, Maine, Massachusetts, and Vermont, due to the dirty emissions of conventional petrodiesel fuel. Biodiesel blended at B20 and above meets these states’ emissions standards for everything except nitrous oxide. Starting in 2007, all new diesel vehicles sold in the United States will be required to meet stricter emissions standards, and these states are considering relaxing their restrictions. |
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